The Incident At Bhopal Essays - Bhopal Disaster, Methyl Isocyanate

The Incident At Bhopal PURPOSE: To examine the events contributing to the tragedy at Bhopal, India and their repercussions and to draw conclusions based on these events. INTRODUCTION: What Happened at Bhopal? Reading newspaper and magazine articles written immediately following the events at Bhopal, it is apparent that it took some time for authorities to determine the causes of the industrial accident. Speculation seems to have run wild for a time following the accident. Drawing from later statistics and information seems to be a more reliable method of determining the most likely scenario. Where various alternate feasible possibilities have been presented, we will try to include the most likely. At approximately midnight on December 3, 1984, an unexpected chemical reaction took place in a Union Carbide of India Limited storage tank. The storage tank contained methyl isocyanate, (hereafter referred to as MIC) a toxic gas used in the process of a pesticide called Sevin.(1) As part of the distilling process there was an extremely high concentration of chloroform present. This caused corrosion of the tank. The tank being made of iron provided a catalyst for the reaction. A large amount of water was also introduced, approximately 120-240 gallons, which in combination with the chemical, generated enough heat to start the reaction. The runaway reaction released an uncontrollable amount of heat and this resulted in 30-40 tons of the gas being vaporized and spread over approximately 30 square miles, killing thousands of people and injuring hundreds of thousands.(2) The lack of information on MIC in 1984 made it a very toxic and difficult to control substance, according to Meryl H. Karol of the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health. He says, ?Although nominally a liquid at room temperature, methyl isocyanate evaporates so quickly from an open container that it easily turns into a colorless, odorless highly flammable and reactive gas... I would hesitate having it in a laboratory.? He also quotes the OHSA standard for exposure to MIC during an eight-hour day as 0.02 parts per million, ?far lower than what many Bhopal residents were exposed to.?(3) THE HEALTH AFFECTS of exposure to MIC is disastrous. At low levels, MIC causes eyes to water and results in damage to the cornea. At higher concentrations, muscles constrict, and the bronchial passages have the equivalent of a severe asthma attack.(3) Most of the deaths in India were due to this. Dr. Jeffrey P. Koplan, Assistant Director of Public Health Practice at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, who went to Bhopal to render assistance, said, ?There was edema, substantial destruction...of alveolar walls, ... a ulcerative bronchiolus...? among patients at the severely crowded hospitals.(4) Serious damage to the central nervous system after three to four weeks, including paralysis, and psychological problems have also been a result.(3) The long-term affects of MIC exposure are equally disastrous. According to the Indian Council of Medical Research, at least 50,000 people are still suffering and new chronic cases of asthma keep showing up as the population ages and 39% of the surrounding population have some form of severe respiratory impairment.(5) Most of them will suffer for the rest of their lives.(6) It is a conservative estimate that 5 people die every week as a result of the Bhopal accident.(7) Another consideration is that in a social class that maintains a living through physical labor, inability to perform results in starvation.(8) Affects on women were profound. Out of 198 women living within 10 miles of the facility, 100 had abnormal uterine bleeding.(1,5) Of the local women who were pregnant before the accident, 43% miscarried and 14% of the babies carried to term died within a month. Socially, these women are considered unwanted by potential husbands because reproductive disorders are so commonplace that they are seen as sterile.(5) It is unknown whether chromosomal damage will affect future generations.(8) TOTAL EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT are not yet known. Approximately 1,600 animals died on the first and second days after the incident. This was a terrible environmental health risk. Eventually this problem was solved by digging a giant one-acre mass grave. There was also damage to some vegetation, animal and fish species, but not to others. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research is studying this.(1) A VARIETY OF FAILURES were contributing factors in this lethal cloud of chemicals descending on the helpless, uninformed public. These failures include design failures, maintenance failures, operations failures, emergency response failures, communications failures, governmental failures and last but not least management failures. In 1982, a safety audit by the

Tips on How to Get French Scholarship From French Academic Palms

Tips on How to Get French Scholarship From French Academic PalmsHere is a sample essay to receive French scholarship from French academic palms. These tips may help you on your journey of searching for the right college or university that can give you a great chance to study French and complete your degree.The very first tip is to choose the right college or university that will give you an opportunity to study French language and culture. Start by doing a research on the college or university that you want to apply for. Go through their website and search for other students who have been to the college or university. This way, you will know how famous they are and will be able to assess whether they are the right fit for you.The next thing that you have to do is write an essay that will cover the main area of your degree. The subject line of your paper will be of great importance here. Since you are applying for a scholarship, you need to make sure that your subject of interest is r elated to your desired major. If not, your application might be rejected.The next tip on how to get French scholarship from French academic palms is to first write a short essay. Include your personal information as well as your degree, and your skills that you have acquired. These things will make your essay more interesting it will grab the attention of the reader.The third and the most important element in writing an essay is to follow your topic carefully. If your topic is something related to French language and culture, then write about your interest and experience. If you are applying for a scholarship, you have to use a different topic. However, if you are applying for a certain class or program, you may be required to use the same topic.The fourth tip on how to get a scholarship for studying French language and culture is to ensure that your English language is very good. You need to look at the basics that all native speakers use to describe the same thing. This will also help you when you are talking to a native speaker.The fifth and the final tip on how to get a scholarship for studying French language and culture is to include your passion for French language and culture. You need to speak French in every part of your life, especially when you are in school or any situation where you need to communicate with a native speaker. Make sure that you have passion for the language, this will also help you complete your degree.These are just some of the sample essays that can be used to receive French academic palms. Always remember that it is not just about having the best idea in writing a perfect essay, but it is also how you plan your content that will make the difference.